Last update:
08-Sep-2020

Nephrology is one of the newest medical specialties that developed during the previous century. The earliest scientific approach to clinical nephrology, however, is attributed to Hippocrates, granting him the title "Father of clinical nephrology". The principal essence of renal medicine is in fact hidden within the Hippocratic theory of the four humors, as it remarkably resembles the main kidney function, which is the preservation of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Hippocrates excelled in the art of uroscopy for the diagnosis of nephrological conditions. Moreover, within the Hippocratic corpus there are many references to renal problems, such as kidney stones, gout, nephrotic syndrome, haematuria, and acute tubular necrosis. The writer provided a detailed description of their symptoms, accompanied with prognostic and therapeutic guidance. Nowadays renal patients' care has progressed far beyond the Hippocratic writings. Renal replacement therapy, biological treatments and organ transplantation have altered the natural course of renal disease. The modern nephrologist must face several dilemmas associated with a chronic terminal condition, such as end-of-life treatment, palliative care and support to both patients and their families. At this time, the Hippocratic Spirit emerges as an ethical guide and constant reminder of the moral responsibilities linked to medical profession, in the Spirit of the Hippocratic saying "benefit or do no harm".

Key words: Aphorisms, Hippocrates, History nephrology, Medical ethics, Purging.